I'd believe that the second one depends on the garment, too, but the things I've lined I've always done the first way.

You left out the "I don't freaking sew!" options.

I believe those are a subset of the final options in each category.

I finish the edges only when the fabric is of a type that is very likely to fray. So for me the second item is more a case of depends upon the fabric.

I've never gone around twice on a button hole I was hand sewing, personally.

And I hate linings! They are evil! (But, alas, often a necessary evil.)

What d'ye call the "tail" on the hood, again?

The liripipe?

Exactly. Thank you. Have added that to my list o' words, now.

Buttonholes: I make a small stab-stitch rectangle to secure the layers together, cut the slit, and then buttonhole stitch (which should capture the line of stab stitches) around the whole thing, overlapping slightly at the beginning/end of the buttonhole stitch. There are, in fact, two passes of different stitching ... not sure if that would count as "going around twice" or not, so I said "depends on the fabric." If I were sewing something that would see *extreme* wear and tear, like a gambeson, I might contemplate doubling the buttonhole stitch, but a single go-round (as long as your buttonhole stitches are even, firm, and relatively closely spaced) is fine for everything else, in my experience.

Lining: It really does depend on the garment. I most often sew the shell, sew the lining, sew them togther at their appropriate edges, and then turn and topstitch. But not for things that hang, like cloaks. And sometimes when I'm feeling fast and dirty and don't care how tidy the inside of the garment looks, I interline each piece and have all those seam allowances showing on the skinwards side of the lined garment.

As others have said, I go around my buttonholes with a running stitch if necessary, then one round of buttonhole stitch.

As for linings, I've never actually done the "finish both, then sew lining to outer" method, though I suppose I should find an excuse to try it sometime. I usually finish my edges by facing, binding, or wrapping the outermost fabric around the edge, depending on the situation.